{"id":19959,"date":"2021-11-21T08:19:36","date_gmt":"2021-11-21T08:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/?page_id=19959"},"modified":"2022-01-26T10:15:40","modified_gmt":"2022-01-26T10:15:40","slug":"retinopathy-of-prematurity-faqs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/childrens-vision\/guide-to-pediatric-eye-conditions\/retinopathy-of-prematurity-faqs\/","title":{"rendered":"Retinopathy of Prematurity: FAQs"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><b>Almost 1 in 10 of all babies are born premature, increasing their risk of a serious eye disease called Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) .\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>A full term pregnancy is considered 40 weeks gestation.\u00a0A preterm, or premature baby, is delivered before 37 weeks of pregnancy.<b> <\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>In 2020, 9.8% of all births in the U.S. were preterm.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Due to today\u2019s medical advances most premature births that occur between 33 and 37 weeks of pregnancy have a 99% survival rate.<\/p>\n<p>Moderately preterm babies born between 29 and 33 weeks have a higher than 95% chance of survival, while extremely preterm infants born between 23 and 28 weeks have a survival rate of over 80%.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Q1: What is retinopathy of prematurity?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is an eye disease that affects premature babies whose retinal blood cells have not had the chance to fully develop in utero\u2014 leading to one of the primary causes of ROP: the growth of abnormal retinal cells.<\/p>\n<p>These premature infants are given oxygen to support their breathing as their lungs continue to develop outside the womb\u2014 another causative factor in the development of ROP, as it can also result in the growth of abnormal retinal blood cells.<\/p>\n<p>This condition usually develops in both eyes, and can lead to vision loss and total blindness, if left untreated.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Q2: What causes ROP?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>ROP develops when abnormal blood vessels grow throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/general-practice-optometry\/guide-to-eye-health\/how-does-the-eye-work\/eye-anatomy-the-back-of-the-eye\/\">retina<\/a>, the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye.<\/p>\n<p>These abnormal blood vessels are fragile and can easily break and leak blood and fluid into the retina. When this occurs, retinal scarring can develop, often leading to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/general-practice-optometry\/guide-to-eye-conditions\/guide-to-retinal-diseases\/retinal-detachment\/\">retinal detachment<\/a>\u2014the main cause of ROP vision loss and blindness.<\/p>\n<p>Several factors may contribute to the development of ROP, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Premature birth<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Anemia<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Blood transfusions<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Respiratory distress<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Breathing difficulties<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Overall health of the infant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Q3: How common is ROP?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>ROP affects over 3.5% of all premature births, as over 14,000 cases are diagnosed annually in the USA<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Approximately 3.9 million infants are born in the U.S. each year, with about 28,000 weighing in at 2\u00be pounds or less at birth\u2014 but thanks to advances in neonatal care, not all premature infants develop ROP.<\/p>\n<p>About 90% of all infants with ROP have a mild case, requiring no treatment at all, as it generally resolves on its own.<\/p>\n<p>However, each year, about 1,100 to 1,500 infants develop severe ROP that requires medical treatment to prevent vision loss, and approximately 400\u2013600 infants become legally blind.<\/p>\n<p>The smaller a baby is at birth, the higher their risk of developing ROP.<\/p>\n<p><b>SEE RELATED: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/childrens-vision\/guide-to-pediatric-eye-conditions\/choroideremia-and-vision-loss\/\">Choroideremia and Vision Loss<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>If your baby was born preterm, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/practice-search\/\">schedule an appointment with an eye doctor near you<\/a> to ensure your baby\u2019s eyes are healthy.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"practice-search-widget\">\n\t\t<h3>Find an eye doctor for children near you<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t<form class=\"practice-search-form practice-search-form-widget\" action=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/practice-search\/results\/\" method=\"get\">\n\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"distance\" value=\"100\" class=\"practice-search-distance\">\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"page\" class=\"practice-search-page\">\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"address_latitude\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"address_longitude\">\n\n\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"address\" class=\"practice-search-address\" placeholder=\"City, Surburb or Address\" value=\"\">\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"distance\" value=\"100\" class=\"practice-search-distance\">\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"practice-search-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"19\" height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M10.6796 0.130005C9.15708 0.130059 7.66615 0.5646 6.38198 1.38258C5.09781 2.20057 4.07373 3.36803 3.43004 4.74783C2.78634 6.12763 2.54976 7.66246 2.74808 9.17205C2.9464 10.6816 3.57139 12.1033 4.54964 13.27L0.729639 17.08C0.6364 17.1732 0.562439 17.2839 0.511979 17.4058C0.461519 17.5276 0.435547 17.6581 0.435547 17.79C0.435547 17.9219 0.461519 18.0524 0.511979 18.1743C0.562439 18.2961 0.6364 18.4068 0.729639 18.5C0.917942 18.6883 1.17334 18.7941 1.43964 18.7941C1.5715 18.7941 1.70207 18.7681 1.82389 18.7177C1.94571 18.6672 2.0564 18.5932 2.14964 18.5L5.99964 14.62C7.35406 15.6038 8.98566 16.1324 10.6596 16.13C12.7814 16.13 14.8162 15.2871 16.3165 13.7869C17.8168 12.2866 18.6596 10.2517 18.6596 8.13C18.6596 6.00827 17.8168 3.97344 16.3165 2.47315C14.8162 0.97286 12.7814 0.130005 10.6596 0.130005H10.6796ZM10.6796 14.13C9.49295 14.13 8.33291 13.7781 7.34622 13.1188C6.35952 12.4595 5.59049 11.5225 5.13636 10.4261C4.68224 9.32975 4.56342 8.12335 4.79493 6.95946C5.02644 5.79558 5.59788 4.72648 6.437 3.88736C7.27611 3.04825 8.34521 2.4768 9.5091 2.24529C10.673 2.01378 11.8794 2.1326 12.9757 2.58673C14.0721 3.04085 15.0092 3.80989 15.6685 4.79658C16.3277 5.78328 16.6796 6.94332 16.6796 8.13C16.6796 9.7213 16.0475 11.2474 14.9223 12.3726C13.7971 13.4979 12.2709 14.13 10.6796 14.13Z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"practice-search-use-my-location\">\n\t\t\tSearch near me\n\t\t<\/button>\n\n\n\t<\/form>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<h2><b>Q4: What are the stages of ROP?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Most cases of ROP are diagnosed within the first two stages of the condition. However, ROP can progress quickly, requiring prompt treatment to prevent permanent vision loss.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>There are five stages of ROP, ranging from mild to severe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stage I<\/b> is characterized by mildly abnormal blood vessel growth. Many infants who develop stage I ROP will improve without treatment, eventually developing normal vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stage II<\/b> is characterized by moderate abnormal blood vessel growth. Many infants who develop stage II ROP will improve without treatment, eventually developing normal vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stage III<\/b> is characterized by severe abnormal blood vessel growth toward the center of the eye, instead of along the surface of the retina. Some infants who develop stage III ROP will improve without treatment, eventually developing normal vision. Though, when a certain degree of stage III develops, with a disease called \u2018plus disease\u2019, treatment to prevent retinal detachment is usually necessary. &#8216;Plus disease\u2019 occurs when the retinal blood vessels enlarge and twist\u2014 an indication that ROP is progressing to a more severe stage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stage IV<\/b> is characterized by a partially detached retina caused by abnormal vessels pulling the retina away from its normal position at the back wall of the eye.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stage V<\/b> is characterized by a completely detached retina, signaling the end stage of the disease. Without prompt treatment at this stage, severe visual impairment and permanent blindness can occur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Q5: Can ROP cause other complications?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Yes.<\/p>\n<p>Infants with ROP are at higher risk for developing other eye problems in the future, such as retinal detachment, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/childrens-vision\/guide-to-pediatric-eye-conditions\/what-is-myopia\/\">myopia (nearsightedness)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/childrens-vision\/a-guide-to-eye-turns\/strabismus-crossed-eyes\/\">strabismus (crossed eyes)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/vision-therapy\/vision-therapy-for-lazy-eye\/amblyopia-lazy-eye\/\">amblyopia (lazy eye)<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/general-practice-optometry\/guide-to-eye-conditions\/glaucoma-guide\/\">glaucoma<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, many of these eye problems can be treated.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Q6: How is ROP treated?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>The most effective treatments for stage III ROP with \u2018plus disease\u2019 include laser therapy or cryotherapy to slow or reverse abnormal blood vessel growth on the edges of the retina.<\/p>\n<p><b>Laser therapy<\/b> is used to \u2018burn\u2019 the edges of the retina, while <b>cryotherapy <\/b>is used to \u2018freeze\u2019 the edges of the retina.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, these treatments usually cause some peripheral vision loss while saving the vision in the central field\u2014 the vision necessary for \u201cstraight ahead\u201d activities such as driving, reading and sewing.<\/p>\n<p>Other treatment options for later stages of ROP include:<\/p>\n<p><b>1. Scleral buckle<\/b> (used for stage IV or V of ROP)<\/p>\n<p>This procedure involves placing a tight silicone band around the eye to keep the vitreous gel from pulling on the retinal scar tissue\u2014 thus preventing retinal detachment.<\/p>\n<p><b>2. Vitrectomy <\/b>(used for stage V of ROP)<\/p>\n<p>This procedure involves removing the vitreous from the eye and replacing it with a saline solution. This allows the surgeon to cut away the retinal scar tissue, removing the threat of a retinal detachment.<\/p>\n<p><b>3. Eye injections<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Injections into the eye have been reported as a possible option to treat the aggressive form of ROP, in particular those from stage III and later.<\/p>\n<p>Potential benefits of injection over laser therapy are reduced levels of anesthesia and preservation of more retinal tissue. The downside is that the safety of eye injections in babies and infants has not yet been established.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Q7: How effective is ROP treatment?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment for ROP can reduce the risk of vision loss, but unfortunately, some infants do not respond to ROP treatment, and retinal scarring or detachment can still occur\u2014 though usually only affecting part of the retina.<\/p>\n<p>When a partial retinal detachment occurs, treatment is not always necessary, as it can resolve on its own without intervention. However, in some cases, treatment may be recommended to prevent a total retinal detachment that will require surgery to reattach the retina.<\/p>\n<p><b>LEARN MORE: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/childrens-vision\/guide-to-pediatric-eye-conditions\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-testid=\"inline-card-resolved-view\">Guide to Pediatric Eye Conditions<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.optometrists.org\/practice-search\/\">Schedule an appointment with an eye doctor near you<\/a> to learn more about ROP.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>Close to 1 in 10 babies are born prematurely, and unfortunately, are at higher risk of developing a serious eye condition called retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Almost 1 in 10 of all babies are born premature, increasing their risk of a serious eye disease called Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) .\u00a0 A<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1206,"featured_media":19960,"parent":12315,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-article.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19959","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - 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